Assessed Exercise 4: SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

Exercise 3 Part 1: Grammatical and Syntactic Level Equivalence
SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

The body of the harpsichord is shaped like a wing. There are two or more strings to each note-and the player can vary how many are used at one time. This makes loud and soft sounds possible on the instrument. Some later instruments use swell device. This opens slats (shutters) in the body of the instrument, allowing the sound to swell out. Harpsichords often have two or sometimes even three keyboards, each producing a different tone quantity.

El cuerpo del clave tiene forma de ala. Cada nota tiene dos o más cuerdas, y el intérprete puede variar el número de las que usa en cada momento, lo cual permite sonidos fuertes y suaves. Algunos instrumentos tardíos utilizan un mecanismo de ampliación del sonido a través de registros que transforman la sonoridad. Los claves suelen tener dos e incluso tres teclados superpuestos, cada uno de ellos con una calidad sonora diferente.

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Análisis comparativo de los textos:

The translation of the text is well done. The differences we found that use less Spanish phrases because you can specify in the same sentence using commas or expressions such as "lo cual" In English, we add another sentence by deleting "lo cual" and adding at the beginning of the phrase "this makes ...."
In English we have 6 Spanish phrases 4.

is shapped ( ) - tiene (presente)
there are ( ) - tiene (presente)
can vary ( ) - puede variar (presente)
are used ( ) - usa (presente)
this makes ( ) - lo cual permite (presente)
use ( ) - utilizan (presente)
allowing ( ) - utilizan (presente)
to swell out ( ) - transforman (presente)
have ( ) - tener (presente)

Conjunciones y nexos:

Como adverbio: este, esta

así de, tan, tanto

Otras traducciones, ejemplos:
This is my wife - Te presento a mi mujer
This is my child - Este es mi hijo
Like this - Como eso
At this - Al oir esto

Assessed Exercises 3

First Technical text:

P2P

A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network uses diverse connectivity between participants in a network and the cumulative bandwidth of network participants rather than conventional centralized resources where a relatively low number of servers provide the core value to a service or application. P2P networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections. Such networks are useful for many purposes. Sharing content files (see file sharing) containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format is very common, and real time data, such as telephony traffic, is also passed using P2P technology.

A pure P2P network does not have the notion of clients or servers but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the client-server model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that is not P2P is an FTP server where the client and server programs are quite distinct: the clients initiate the download/uploads, and the servers react to and satisfy these requests.

In contrast to the above discussed pure P2P network, an example of a distributed discussion system that also adopts a client-server model is the Usenet news server system, in which news servers communicate with one another to propagate Usenet news articles over the entire Usenet network. Particularly in the earlier days of Usenet, UUCP was used to extend even beyond the Internet. However, the news server system acted in a client-server form when individual users accessed a local news server to read and post articles. The same consideration applies to SMTP email in the sense that the core email relaying network of Mail transfer agents follows a P2P model while the periphery of e-mail clients and their direct connections is client-server. Tim Berners-Lee's vision for the World Wide Web, as evidenced by his WorldWideWeb editor/browser, was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links. This contrasts to the more broadcasting-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years.

- Computer Network: Redes de ordenadores
- Bandwidth: Ancho de banda
- Servers: Servidores
- Nodes: Nodos
- Ad-hoc: Redes Ad-hoc (tipo de red donde el mismo cliente comparte su conexión)
- File Sharing: Compartir archivos
- Telephony: Telefonia
- Clients: Clientes
- Peer: (p2p peer to peer) Punto a punto "redes"
- Client-Server: Cliente-Servidor
- FTP: File Transport Protocol (Protocolo de transporte de ficheros)
- UUCP: Unix to Unix Copy (Copiador de Unix a Unix)
- SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Protocolo Simple de transferencia de mails)
- Mail Transfer Agents: Agentes de transferencia de correo
- World Wide Web: World wide web (la web) (red global mundial)
- Broadcasting: Radiodifusión

Second Technical text:

ANODE

An anode is an electrode through which electric charge flows into a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: ACID (Anode Current Into Device). Electrons flow in the opposite direction to the positive electric current.

A widespread misconception is that anode polarity is always positive. This is often incorrectly inferred from the correct fact that in all electrochemical devices negatively charged anions move towards the anode and/or positively charged cations move away from it. Anode polarity is not always positive but depends on the device type, and sometimes even in which mode it operates, as determined by the above electric current direction-based universal definition. As can be seen from the following examples, in a power-consuming device, the anode is positive, and in a power-releasing device, the anode is negative. Examples:

• In a discharging battery or galvanic cell (diagram at right) the anode is the negative terminal, where the hypothetic charges constituting a conventional current flow in, and electrons out. Since this inwards charge is carried externally by electrons moving outwards, the negative charge moving one way amounts to positive charge flowing into the electrolyte from the anode, i.e., away (surprisingly) from the more negative electrode and towards the more positive one (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" motion). If the anode is composed of a metal, electrons which it gives up to the external circuit must be accompanied by metal atoms missing those electrons (cations) moving away from the electrode and into the electrolyte.

- Electrode: Electrodo
- Electric charge: Carga eléctrica
- Electrochemical: Electroquímica
- Electrons: Electrones
- Widespread: Generalizada
- Galvanic cell: Galvánica de células
- Conventional Current: Corriente convencional
- Electrolyte: Electrolito
- Cations: Cátodos

Third Technical text:

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Electromagnetic radiation (sometimes abbreviated EMR) takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter. EM radiation has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave; these types include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelengths and Gamma rays have the shortest. A small window of frequencies, called visible spectrum or light, is sensed by the eye of various organisms, with variations on the limits of this narrow spectrum.

EM radiation carries energy and momentum that may be imparted to matter with which it interacts.

Electromagnetic waves were first postulated by James Clerk Maxwell and subsequently confirmed by Heinrich Hertz. Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, revealing the wave-like nature of electric and magnetic fields, and their symmetry. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave.

According to Maxwell's equations, a time-varying electric field generates a magnetic field and vice versa. Therefore, as an oscillating electric field generates an oscillating magnetic field, the magnetic field in turn generates an oscillating electric field, and so on. These oscillating fields together form an electromagnetic wave.

A quantum theory of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as electrons is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics.

- Self-propagating: Autopropagacción
- Waves: Ondas
- Vacuum: Vacio
- Matter: ---------
- Electric magnetic field: Campo magnético eléctrico
- Oscillate: Oscila
- Propagation: Propagación
- Frequency: Frecuencia
- Radio waves: Ondas de radio
- Microwaves: Ondas microondas
- Terahertz radiation: Radiación Terahertz
- Infrared radiation: Radiación infrarrojos
- Visible light: Luz visible
- Ultraviolet radiation: Radiación Ultravioleta
- X-rays: Rayos X
- Gama rays: Rayos Gamma
- Visible spectrum: Espectro visible
- Quantum Theory: Teoria Cuántica
- Quantum Electrodynamics: Teoria electrodinámica

Forth Technical text:

KINETOSCOPE

The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. Though not a movie projector—it was designed for films to be viewed individually through the window of a cabinet housing its components—the Kinetoscope introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video: it creates the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. Dickson and his team at the Edison lab also devised the Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to photograph movies for in-house experiments and, eventually, commercial Kinetoscope presentations.

In April 1894, the first commercial exhibition of motion pictures in history was given in New York City, using ten Kinetoscopes. Instrumental to the birth of American movie culture, the Kinetoscope also had a major impact in Europe; its influence abroad was magnified by Edison's decision not to seek international patents on the device, facilitating numerous imitations of and improvements on the technology. In 1895, Edison introduced the Kinetophone, which joined the Kinetoscope with a cylinder phonograph. Film projection, which Edison initially disdained as financially nonviable, soon superseded the Kinetoscope's individual exhibition model. Many of the projection systems developed by Edison's firm in later years would use the Kinetoscope name.

- Motion picture: Cine
- Movie projector: Proyector de películas
- Video: Video
- Perforated film: Película perforada
- Motion picture camera: Cámara de cine
- Intermittent: Intermitente
- Stop-and-go: Para y vuelve a ir
- Film movement: Peliculas en movimiento
- Patents: Patentes
- Cylinder: Cilíndro
- Phonograph: Fonógrafo

Translation and Project Management

Celia's article talks about the importance of translation, how can we benefit from a project management techniques and quality control processes.

The present article is an attempt at introducing an analysis of how translation can benefit from, and is actually taking advantage of, project management techniques and quality control processes. I will first advance some key concepts in the discipline and will then show current implementations of the procedures in the translation industry.

Project management:The Basics

Anything we do has a life cycle: a beginning, a middle, and an end. Some life cycles are more complex than others because some tasks are more complex than others, too, and therefore require careful planning and attention.

Translation workflow and Operational Environment

In this part of the speech translation workflow lifecycle and how to begin to launch.

We need to think in our objectives, the strategies for the best industries, how we can show the final product for our clients, the structure organization, the money.

Preparation:

Now, the most important steps to make a feasibility study for investigators.

• translation's function
• translation's environment
• translation's working life
• budget
• standards and format specifications
• reliability requirements
• future expansion
• technology to be used
• company's resources
• quality assurance requirement (is ISO 9000 a requirement?)
• team availability
• office space and equipment available
• deadlines and possibility of meeting them
• terms and conditions, as specified by the client, and subsequent assessment of their practicality
• training required and feasibility in terms of money, people and expectations
• outsourcing needs and logistic constraints
• viability of other translation projects running in parallel

Conclusion: The Translation phase is the most important part of the project and is only successful if you have been adequantly planned and completed the rest of the project phases.